rating must exceed the maximum power-frequency voltage continuously applied across its terminals. For solidly grounded networks, this closely correlates to the phase-to-ground voltage. For isolated or ungrounded neutral systems, Uccap U sub c
Conductive layers of dust, salt, or industrial pollution cause uneven voltage distribution along the arrester housing, leading to internal tracking or external flashover. The standard dictates the housing's required creepage distance based on the site's environmental pollution class. iec 600995 pdf