How the drug and its metabolites are eliminated from the body, typically via the kidneys or bile. Half-life ( t1/2t sub 1 / 2 end-sub ), renal clearance rate, total systemic clearance ( Pharmacodynamics: Receptor Kinetics and Signal Transduction
For example, in the discovery of statins (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors), pharmacological validation proved that inhibiting this liver enzyme directly lowered LDL cholesterol. Without this proof, investment in chemical synthesis would be gambling, not science. pharmacology in drug discovery and development
Described as "what the drug does to the body." It focuses on the mechanism of action, such as how a drug binds to a specific receptor or enzyme to trigger a therapeutic response. How the drug and its metabolites are eliminated
Determining how a drug binds to specific receptors on cells to either stimulate them (agonists) or block them (antagonists). Described as "what the drug does to the body
Microfluidic chips lined with living human cells mimic the architecture and functions of human organs. This gives pharmacologists a highly accurate, human-derived alternative to animal testing for predicting toxicity and drug absorption. Conclusion