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While basic behavioral knowledge is expected of all veterinary staff, complex cases require specialized expertise. Board-certified veterinary behaviorists are the psychiatrists of the animal world. These professionals complete a veterinary degree followed by years of rigorous residency training specifically in animal behavior, psychopharmacology, and learning theory.

Changes in facial expressions (the "Grimace Scale") are now used in clinics to assess pain levels in rabbits, cats, and horses. zoophilia.tv

The application of behavioral veterinary science varies significantly depending on the species being treated. Companion Animals (Dogs and Cats) While basic behavioral knowledge is expected of all